What Is a Grand Jury and How Does It Work

A grand jury is a legal body comprised of laypeople that determines whether there is enough evidence to bring criminal charges to trial. During grand jury proceedings, a prosecutor presents an accusation and supporting evidence to the grand jury. The grand jury then decides whether or not the  prosecutor can proceed with a  criminal trial. Why Cases Go to a Grand Jury The concept of a grand jury originated in England and  became enshrined in the U.S. legal system through the  Fifth Amendment, which  requires all potential federal cases to proceed through a grand jury. Only about half of U.S.  states recognize grand juries as a way to pursue state criminal charges. In states that use grand juries, a grand jury indictment is the primary way to start criminal proceedings. Their importance and usage vary between states. States that dont use grand juries use preliminary hearings for felony cases. Instead of impaneling a grand jury, a prosecutor files a criminal complaint which lists the name of the defendant, facts of the case, and relevant charges. After the complaint is filed, a judge reviews it in a public preliminary hearing. During this hearing, lawyers are present and the judge decides whether or not to indict the defendant. In some states, a person who has been accused of a crime can request a preliminary hearing. How Grand Juries Are Selected Grand juries are made up of randomly-selected laypeople. The grand jury members are asked  to appear in court for varying lengths of time: some grand jury sessions last for months, but only require jury members to sit in court for a few days each month. Grand juries are generally composed of 6 to 12 people just like a trial jury, but when a federal grand jury is called, 16 to 23 people  may be  required to show up for jury duty. What Grand Juries Do When a grand jury is convened, the jury members evaluate the strength of the prosecutors evidence to determine if there is  probable cause  to issue an indictment. Probable cause means that there are enough objective facts to support the prosecutors claim. The grand jury has tools at their disposal to find out if there is  probable cause. They can subpoena witnesses to testify in court. In a grand jury, witnesses are typically questioned by the prosecutor and cannot have counsel present during questioning. If jury members think there is enough evidence, they vote to issue an indictment: a document that signals the start of criminal proceedings by listing the crimes the defendant is accused of and explaining the jurisdiction of the court. This act requires a majority vote, which is either two-thirds or three-fourths,   depending on the jurisdiction. In many ways, the grand jury acts as a check on the power of a prosecutor. Grand jury proceedings may also benefit prosecutors by giving them a chance to see if their evidence will be convincing for a future trial jury.   Unlike most other court proceedings, grand jury proceedings take place in secret, which serves a few purposes: An accused person may present a flight risk if he or she knows a grand jury has been convened. By keeping the proceedings a secret, the court reduces this risk.  Secrecy ensures that no one who eventually gets  cleared  of any crime suffers from premature and wrongful damage to their reputation. The names of grand jury members are also kept secret to prevent bias. While secrecy can be helpful for maintaining confidentiality, it also makes the grand jury process somewhat of a mystery to most members of the public and raises questions about transparency in the court. Grand Jury vs. Trial Jury Grand juries function differently from trial juries. Trial juries are presented with evidence from the defense and the prosecution. The accused person is present in court and has a legal right to a defense attorney. In a criminal case, the judge asks the trial jury to decide whether someone is innocent or guilty of a crime  beyond a reasonable doubt, which is is the highest burden of proof in the American legal system. A grand jury, on the other hand, needs only to decide whether there is probable cause to put someone on trial—a much lower burden. The accused does not have the right to appear before the grand jury and contest evidence brought by the prosecutor. Lastly, a grand jury has no power to convict someone of a crime—they can only issue an indictment. Sources Grand jury.  Britannica Academic, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 9 Apr. 2018.  academic-eb-com.resources.library.brandeis.edu/levels/collegiate/article/grand-jury/37676. Accessed 21 Jun. 2018.United States, Congress, â€Å"Handbook for Federal Grand Jurors.†Ã‚  Handbook for Federal Grand Jurors, Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts.â€Å"How Courts Work.†Ã‚  American Bar Association, www.americanbar.org/groups/public_education/resources/law_related_education_network/how_courts_work/pretrial_appearances.html. Secrecy Supreme Court created Anyone being investigated cannot interfer with witnesses or otherwise tamper with the investigation. Secrecy decreases the likelihood someone who is about to be indicted will escape before indictment. Reluctant witnesses can speak more freely when their remarks will not be made public nor reach the target of an investigation. Secrecy protects anyone who might be implicated, but who is not indicted. testimony before a Length of the Grand Jury Oath of the Foreman You, as foreman of this inquest, for the body of the County of ____ , do swear, (or affirm) that you will diligently inquire, and true presentment make, of such articles, matters, and things as shall be given you in charge or otherwise come to your knowledge, touching the present service; the commonwealths counsel, your fellows and your own you shall keep secret; you shall present no one for envy, hatred or malice; neither shall you leave any one unpresented for fear, favor or affection, hope of reward or gain, but shall present all things truly as they come to your knowledge, according to the best of your understanding (so help you God.) Returning An Indictment probable cause double jeopardy Sources: American Grand Jury Foundation Behind the Locked Door of An American Grand Jury California Grand Juries Dayton University School of Law Frequently Asked Questions About the Jury System The Grand Jury: An Essay (1906) Grand Jury Secrecy Preface to The Grand Jury

Australia The Foreign Policy of the Hawke-Keating...

The paradigm shift of Australian foreign policy from reliance on security through ‘‘great and powerful friends’’ towards the formation and strengthening of diplomatic and cultural relations with the Asia-Pacific region began arguably under the Whitlam government and has since become the predominant focus of foreign policy for both major parties. As a result, there exists a latent similarity in the foreign policy of successive Australian governments across the last 40 years that becomes more pronounced when comparing them within their respective partisan delineations. Thus, the apparent similarity in the foreign policy of the Hawke-Keating and Rudd-Gillard governments is hardly surprising. However, the extent of this similarity is†¦show more content†¦Australia’s traditional reliance on ‘’great and powerful friends’’ thus became outmoded, leading the Whitlam government to develop an independent Australian foreign policy premised on an increased economic and diplomatic engagement with Asia and defence through self-reliance that continued under Hawke-Keating. Australia’s economic development under Hawke-Keating began with the reduction of tariffs and removal of restrictions preventing foreign banks from operating in Australia, signaling the government’s desire to further distance itself from the protectionism and reliance on trade with the United Kingdom and Europe that had dominated Australia’s trade patterns prior to Whitlam. However, the Hawke-Keating government’s willingness to commit troops to the Gulf War illustrated a desire to retain strong ties with the US. An increased focus on regional trade began with the Closer Economic Relations trade agreement with New Zealand eliminating all trade quotas and tariffs between the two countries and continued with the promotion of economic cooperation with Indonesia through the Timor Gap treaty. On a multilateral scal e, the Australia-led formation of the Cairns group in 1986 further reflected a governmental impulse towards trade liberalization and Australia’s economic engagement within the Asia-Pacific. However, the Hawke-Keating government’sShow MoreRelated Economic Factors have been of dominant concern in Australian Foreign Policy decisions over the past 25 years2070 Words   |  9 Pages ‘ECONOMIC FACTORS HAVE BEEN THE DOMINANT CONCERN IN AUSTRALIAN FOREIGN POLICY OVER THE PAST 25 YEARS.’ During the past 25 years, Australian Foreign Policy has consisted of a balance between economic and security priorities. No government can afford to focus on one to the detriment of the other. During the Hawke and Keating era (1983-1996), economic factors were of significant importance as we were in a region that was growing rapidly, faster than any other region in the world. Although having saidRead More The Australian Labor Party (ALP) and the Australian Liberal Party1971 Words   |  8 Pagescentenary in 1991, making it Australia’s oldest party. Labor first became a Federal Party when the former colonies of Australia federated in 1901. Separate labour parties had been established in the colonies during the formative decade of the 1890s. These parties were sponsored by the trade union movement, to help get sympathetic politicians elected to colonial parliaments. In Western Australia, Tasmania and Victoria, there were no strong and coherent labour parties until after federat ion. However, by 1900Read More Australia And Asia Essay2444 Words   |  10 Pages This essay analyses the Australian-China bilateral relationship since 1945 and in particular its political significance to Australia. Many global factors have influenced this relationship, including the advent of the Cold War, the Korean War, the Vietnam War and the collapse of the Soviet bloc European nations. In addition, internal political changes in Australia and China have both affected and been affected by the global changes. It will be analysed that Australia’s bilateral relationship withRead MoreThe First Challenge For Australian Foreign Policy1765 Words   |  8 PagesThe first challenge for Australian foreign policy is to maximize the economic and security opportunities by maintaining their relationship with Indonesia and ASEAN. In the case with Indonesia, Indonesia is one of Australia’s closest friends as the two countries share strong security and economic system. In terms of politics, Indonesia is essential to Australia because Indonesia plays a key role i n the Association of Southeast Asian Nations so a steady relationship with Indonesia is required for aRead MoreFree Trade Agreements Are Becoming More Vital For Countries?3445 Words   |  14 Pages2. Australia in a globalized world With globalization, the world has become increasingly smaller when it comes to trade. Goods and trade can flow easier between different countries because of Free Trade agreements (FTAs). This means that international policies like multilateral, bilateral and regional free trade agreements are becoming more increasingly vital for countries. Multilateral trade agreement have traditionally been the most dominant approach with the World Trade Organization (WTO) whoRead MoreThe Main Objective Of Labour Law2669 Words   |  11 Pagesrelationship† . In Australia, this view retains its significance, and is commonly cited by Australian legal scholars as authority for the proposition that there is in fact an imbalance, and that it is necessary to regulate (through legislation) the conduct of both parties to the relationship . There are several examples of regulations which have been put in place to govern the workplace relationship, which have all contributed in providing protection mechanisms for employees across Australia; these includeRead MoreIntroduction to Large Scale Organizations18988 Words   |  76 Pagesdistinction between the owners and managers) Types of LSO s -Can hail from either the public or private sector -The private sector refers to part of the economy controlled by private individuals or groups of individuals not affiliated with the government. They consist of: Companies/Corporations -Aim to make a profit or add value to net assets through manufacture or provision of services -Can be categorised as either public or private organisations -Private companies cannot be bought on the stock-market

Mass Communication for Twitter and Facebook- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theMass Communication for Twitter and Facebook. Answer: Introduction The term new media describes the different technologies that have come into existence or have experienced swift development on a global scale from the second part of the 20th century and has continued into the new medium. Nowadays, with the help of internet access, most people have an idea about the different forms of new media, which counts in different social networking sites like Twitter and Facebook, blogs and YouTube. New media extensively helps in creating new textual experiences, represents the world in new ways and builds new relationships (Socha and Eber-Schmid 2014). This essay would be discussing the positive impact of social networking and critically analyzing it with the help of theories. Discussion New media forms are used in many different ways ubiquitously. These forms focus on the message, the technology and the social context where it is used. Along with these come the aspects of digitization, collaboration and telecommunication. In this context, social networking has changed the ways of people interaction. As Flew (2007) says, all the new forms of media are important in the new ways they influence the society. Working with the internet or the social networking sites are no longer just a part of life, but has become a cultural and behavioral trait. From students to journalists, from music bands to prime ministers everyone uses social networking sites for both work and pleasure. At present, social networking allows people to share their stories and photos, and permits the use of apps and messaging for communicating with others. As understood from Flews perspective, the digitized new media has been serving as a way in the direction of globalization, spreading of ideas, infor matization, sharing of messages and meanings, individual ties with tangible social communities and nation-states, and connecting the world whilst eating away at borders (Flew and Waisbord 2015). Flew has chosen 20 concepts to define the elements of new media, some of which are convergence, networks, web 2.0, virtuality and participation. From these, concepts would be taken for discussion: convergence and web 2.0. Convergence is referred to the interlacing of IT and computing, media content facilitated by the internet and digital media technologies, communications networks, and the convergent services, products and activities that have been acquired as a result. Convergence of social networking changes the already established media businesses, work practices and services, and facilitates completely new forms of media to emerge. It gnaws away at the long-established media business and largely uncouples the media content from specific devices that presents huge challenges for media regulations and policies, along with new issues for established media businesses, like film, newspapers, television and music (Kember and Zylinska 2012). Web 2.0 is a term used for identifying advancements in platforms and internet software that allow Web applications to shift from being static and depending on a push of content from the generators to the end users with restricted interactivity, towards a scenario in which participation, engagement and collaboration amongst the end users themselves produce the content. Among all the most commonly used platforms that are associated with web 2.0 are Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Wikipedia and Second Life, even though the term implies something much broader in range of sites all over the world (John 2013). Core standards of the internet sites and software programs that obey the rules of the web 2.0 standards are: In their connectivity section being many-to-many In terms of control being decentralized Easy and user focused for the new end users disposal Comparatively lightweight and simple in terms of their design Open concerning their application-programming interface (API) and technology standards Expectations of being changed and evolved with time, while users are participating in the form of beta testers of the latest updates or new features. Analyzing these two points from Terry Flews 20 Key Concepts in New Media has provided some ideas about the benefits of the new media, and in this context, the social networking platforms. The social networking sites have emerged to become an expedient approach of keeping up with lives of the people important in ones life. These sites act like bulletin boards for the messages, pictures and other media, updating continuously about personal details or receiving messages from the other side as well. These sites have received many upgrades and have become more sophisticated and convenient for use, making tasks like commenting, uploading media files and allowing others to join much easier (Hartley 2012). Social networking sites are not just used for interacting with people and friends, but also for discussing educational topics. It is said to be having a positive contribution in increasing an individuals life and reduction in health risks. Majority of the population report as not having any negative experience with these social networking sites, and it has influenced educational institutions into using it as an educational tool (Zaidieh 2012). Social networking has benefits not only for individuals, but also for businesses. These sites permit businesses to market and advertise their products and services to a much broader audience, and profiles are much easier to be set up. In this ways, businesses attract a lot more attention, supported by the business profile available for everyone to see. Moreover, businesses use social networks to learn about potential candidates and decide based on the information provided by those people on their profiles. Social networking has become a lot easier to access, helping the society as a whole (Ellison and Boyd 2013). Conclusion On a concluding note, it can be easily said that social networking has turned the communication and connectivity in the society more durable, with the developments giving birth to increased industrialization and urbanization. The new media is busting apart the antiquated perspectivesof society, community, culture and urbanity, linking worlds from far reaches and founding a general sense of worldwide citizenship and culture. New media has given rise to a two-way communication method with decentralized networks, with destabilization of individual identity and subjectivity, de-rooting fixed time, space and global culture from individual lives, and giving the ability to gain information. References Ellison, N.B. and Boyd, D.M., 2013. Sociality through social network sites. InThe Oxford handbook of internet studies. Flew, T. and Waisbord, S., 2015. The ongoing significance of national media systems in the context of media globalization.Media, Culture Society,37(4), pp.620-636. Flew, T., 2007.New media: An introduction. Oxford University Press. Hartley, J., 2012.Communication, cultural and media studies: The key concepts. Routledge. John, N.A., 2013. Sharing and Web 2.0: The emergence of a keyword.new media society,15(2), pp.167-182. Kember, S. and Zylinska, J., 2012.Life after new media: Mediation as a vital process. mit Press. Socha, B. and Eber-Schmid, B. 2014.WHAT IS NEW MEDIA?. [online] Newmedia.org. Available at: https://www.newmedia.org/what-is-new-media.html [Accessed 18 May 2017]. Zaidieh, A.J.Y., 2012. The use of social networking in education: Challenges and opportunities.World of Computer Science and Information Technology Journal (WCSIT),2(1), pp.18-21.

Tom Petty - Wildflowers free essay sample

Tom Petty has been putting out fantastic rock n roll for almost 20 years. His new album, Wildflowers, not only lives up to his standards, but helps set new ones. The primary reason this album is so fantastic is that Petty sticks to his old style of rough guitar and harmonica. You Dont Know How It Feels, the first single and video off the album, shows this style better than any other song. From the introduction, with a piercing harmonica scale to the chorus, Petty crafts a song equal to that of his classics, Refugee and American Girl. The entire album puts forth an image of a warm, rugged outdoorsman. The baseline in Cabin Down Below helps portray this image, and the songs simple chorus of Baby, lets go makes it the kind of song you dont get out of your head for a long time. Many of the songs are traditional Tom Petty songs in the sense of the simple chorus and the loud, mean guitar. We will write a custom essay sample on Tom Petty Wildflowers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This simplicity of the lyrics, mixed with the complexity of the guitar adds to the rugged imagery. From a language perspective, the lyrics may seem a little questionable: Her juju beads are so nice/She kissed my third cousin twice/Im the king of Pomona seems a bit random. But the scratchy voice of Petty singing these is equally as strange, and combined, they create a nice effect. As with all of Pettys albums, he takes a try at some ballad pieces. Dont Fade on Me and Its Good to be King leave a little to be desired, as they are a 360E turn from the other songs. But the title track, Wildflowers works amazingly, with instruments like the harpsichord and harmonium giving the piece a folk sound to go with the Western motif. This song, played with the volume up, produces an image of Petty sitting on a deserted countryside, playing acoustic guitar, with the sun shining down as hard as possible. Petty sings You belong among the Wildflowers/You belong somewhere close to me/Far away from your trouble and worry/You belong somewhere you feel free, and his lyrics come to life. For three short minutes, your worries and troubles actually do disappear, and warmth fills your body. It is a remarkable feeling. Long ago, Tom Petty proved he had the skill and talent to make it in the rock n roll industry. Unlike many musicians, he continues to craft his music and to allow this talent to show through. Wildflowers is a step forward for Petty, but is also a flash of the past; it brings memories of time-honored songs and has some instant classics on it as well

Aristotle Goverment essays

Aristotle Goverment essays In our fast paced technologically advanced society today, our governments have evolved into supposedly well oiled machines effectively managing budgets, jails, militaries, as well as many other programs. Unfortunately, many of these governments are not as well organized, as they could be. Democratic countries like France, Germany, and even the United States have some very serious shortcomings to the way their governments are managed. These problems occur, many times at a very basic level, rather than at the minor details. One problem that is consistent with many countries is the maintenance of governmental programs over large geographical areas. Many times geographic or social differences within countries are what cause these problems. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle had simple, yet ingenious ways to deal with problems, precisely like these. Aristotle solved this problem, for example, by dividing the country into both geographic and social regions. Then he would have smaller governments for each of these sections. These divisions were similar to states or provinces in some modern countries today. Aristotle's ideas, in general, on governmental politics were revolutionary in Athens, when he wrote them and some could even have positive effects on governments today. Modern governments, such as Germany, France, and the United States could all use Aristotle's ideas to make their own governments run much more efficiently. Aristotle even had plans to minimize corruption, a big problem in most governments today. If modern democratic countries based their political philosophies more on Aristotle's theories, they could run smoother and do a better job of supporting the people, which is what democracies were The polis is a partnership of citizens in a system of government that serves to achieve the common good. It is not just a place where people live ...

Cultural Intelligence by Earley, P. Christopher and Elaine Mosakowski

Cultural Intelligence by Earley, P. Christopher and Elaine Mosakowski From the reading, there is compelling evidence demonstrating that cultural intelligence is defined as an individual’s capability to deal effectively in culturally diverse settings, that culturally intelligent individuals engaged in global assignments understand what constitutes intelligent behaviors in different cultures through their emotional, cognitive, motivational and behavioral cultural intelligence, and that a propensity to suspend judgment or to think before acting is required to achieve cultural intelligence (Earley Mosakowski 139-141).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Intelligence by Earley, P. Christopher and Elaine Mosakowski specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The authors present a self-assessment tool consisting of three typologies and scores of cultural intelligence, namely cognitive cultural intelligence, physical, cultural intelligence, and emotional/motivational cultural intelligence (E arley Mosakowski 143). Upon completing the self-assessment, it is evident that my level of cultural intelligence is as follows: cognitive cultural intelligence = 4; physical cultural intelligence = 4.5; and emotional/motivational intelligence = 2.25. Consequently, upon reflection, it is clear that efforts need to be undertaken to develop the emotional/motivational cultural intelligence component, especially in having confidence to deal with people from a different culture (score = 2), befriending individuals whose cultural backgrounds are different from mine (score = 2), and having the capacity to adapt to the lifestyle of a different culture with relative ease (score = 2). All the limitations described above are emotional/motivational oriented, hence the need to develop and strengthen the amount of energy that can be proactively directed at cultural learning and adjustment, with the view to improving the confidence to deal with people from a different culture. Additionally, there is need to focus attention to developing intrinsic motivational faculties geared toward engaging in interactions with individuals from a different culture, and also improving the level of emotional competence required to interact effectively in a culturally diverse environment (Earley Mosakowski 140-143). It is believed that emotional/motivational cultural intelligence not only facilitates the possibility of people on international assignments to proactively engage in experiential learning and become more productive but also drives these individuals to internalize further behavioral cultural intelligence, which then facilitates them to act according to culturally accepted rules and actively adjust to culturally diverse environments.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another area of development aimed at enhancing the emotional/motivational cultural intelligence component resides in facilitating the attainment of a propensity to suspend judgment or to think before acting, with the view to using senses to register all the ways that individuals in global contexts may be different from those in home environments yet similar to one another (Earley Mosakowski 140). According to these authors, it is essential to observe the conduct of individuals up until a point whereby the observation begins to settle into patterns to develop anticipatory faculties of how these individuals will react in the next situation, and also draw inferences that will be free of the routine hazards of stereotyping. This way, it would be easier to befriend individuals whose cultural backgrounds are different, have the confidence to deal with them, and also develop the capacity to adapt to the lifestyles of these people. Lastly, in light of the limitations noted, it would be plausible to develop the body, heart, and head, with the view to understanding the impulse behind the observ ed shifts in cross-cultural contexts, facilitating the capacity to alter appearance and emotions as the situation may demand. Enhancing the emotional capability to effectively deal and interact with people whose cultural backgrounds may be different from our very own (Earley Mosakowski 142). The efficient combination of the three components (body, heart, and head), given the authors, is of paramount importance in the development of a well-rounded cultural intelligence capability. Earley, P. Christopher and Elaine Mosakowski. â€Å"Cultural Intelligence.† Harvard Business Review. 83.1 (2004): 139-146. Web.

SCUBA DIVING INDUSTRY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

SCUBA DIVING INDUSTRY - Essay Example Sport diving is commonly used to refer to both skin and scuba diving activities. Political environmental of a nation can heavily affect the diving industry. The diving industry is interrelated with tourism. It is mainly concerned with dive operators, tour organizers, restaurateurs, hoteliers and professionals. If the political environment of the nation is not stable or there is some kind of disturbance, then the people willing to dive will be few. 1 There is also the issue of territorial waters whereby divers are restricted to diving only in some parts of the water. Otherwise, they are required to get licensed or follow some procedures in order to get registered for the sport if they intend to venture in some parts of the waters. If proper authorization is not given, divers can face legal penalties for trespass. There are also various recognized national diving agencies e.g. NASDS, NAUI, SSI, PADI and YMCA. These agencies are the ones are the ones which certify dicers and they are engaged in competition just like in any other business. They also politicize the diving industry to some extent and influence the direction the diving industry takes. Economical factors aff... Diving is mostly considered as a leisure sport although recently there are many professional taking up the sport. When the nation is on an economic rise, more people tend to find time to utilize their surplus income in sports like diving. Diving also requires training. Potential divers should look for an instructor who has been certified. It also requires equipment such as masks, snorkel, fins, wet suits, weight belts or scriber equipment. All these equipments require some economic input and although most of them can be hired, it still weighs on the pocket and not all people may be able to afford it. Diving may also result in some disorders e.g. oxygen poisoning or nitrogen narcosis which may require medical attention hence adding to the expense. 2 Socio-cultural factors affecting diving industry are very dynamic. Originally, diving was considered a very risky sport and it was initially attempted by men only. However, with time, women warmed up to the idea and have taken up the sport and a number of instructors in the diving industry today are women. In most places where water sports re developed, diving is becoming a culture. Many people are venturing into diving for fun, to explore then uncountable varieties of animal and plant life in the underwater world. Diving competitions can be a lot of fun and they also bring people together. It is out of such competitions and more training that diving professionals re born. Technological factors influencing the diving industry have continued to improve the sport and make it easier. Over the years, equipment for diving has been improved to increase safety and reduce health risks. Initially, only equipment for skin diving i.e. snorkel, fins and masks were available and although these too have developed and

Drafting And Design In The Field Of Industrial Engineering Entails Essay

Drafting And Design In The Field Of Industrial Engineering Entails - Essay Example The field of industrial engineering entails engineers determining the best methods of using factors of production such as energy, materials, machines people and information to make products. Industrial managers form a link between operational performance and goals. Industrial engineers have the concern of maximizing production by managing people, technology methods of business planning and other factor inputs. They differ from the rest of the engineers who only deal with products or processes. As much as most of the industrial engineers serve in manufacturing firms, healthcare companies, communication, and consulting services (Sloan Career Cornerstone Center, 2015). Industrial engineers study products and their requirements carefully and use complex mathematical skills such as research and installation of manufacturing systems. They do so while attempting to solve problems that relate to production, organizational and related problems. Industrial engineers also design systems that help in management control for efficient coordination of activities, which maximizes production. They also improve or develop the physical distribution of services and goods systems. Their work also entails the determination of the best combinations of raw material, transportation services, costs and availability of factors of production (US Department of Labor, 2015). They use the computer and other technology systems in controlling and simulating different activities and devices. The work of industrial engineers may also be the development of systems for salary and wage administration as well as job evaluation programs. For one to be an industrial engineer, they require having a bachelor’s degree in the field of engineering. Such a requirement is the most common for many entry-level jobs in engineering. In addition to this credential, one may become an industrial engineer if they are a college graduate with a degree in mathematics or physical science.

Apparel Industry Essay Example for Free

Apparel Industry Essay * Silk Steps by step process of manufacturing garments Design/sketch: In the process of manufacturing, sketching take place designs of cloths and their details are sketched. Pattern design: The pattern drafting method is used for the designing a pattern and the purpose of making this pattern is to create the sample garment. Sample making: The pattern is then sending to the sewing department so they will assemble it into a garment, this is usually stitched on calico or muslin which is an inferior quality of fabric and it reduces cost. Production pattern: This is used for huge production garment. The patterns of garments can be made by two methods CAD/CAM methods because they are consider as easiest method of designing pattern. Pattern grading: Grading is the process used for sized pattern. It is used for moving and adjusting the pattern for multiple sizes. Spreading and cutting: After grading and relaxing the fabric it will be cut  into equal pieces and then spread manually or by controlled system. Lastly the fabric is cut into the shape of the garment forms. Embroidery or screen printing: Embroidery and printing of designs took place only if it is said by the customers. Embroidery is done by using computerized equipment; each production line may include 10 to 20 embroidery stations. Sewing: Number of labor is indulging in the sewing process; this labor transforms the pieces of fabrics into designer garments. Garments are sew in an assembly line as it progresses down it get completed.

Tajikistan labour migration and its implications

Tajikistan labour migration and its implications Introduction Background Labour migration and remittances are one of the most evident globalisation phenomena in Tajikistan. According to UNDP Human Development Report (2005) and World Bank (2008) from 600,000 to 1,500,000 Tajik citizens migrated overseas for work in 2005 and remittances being sent by them constitute staggering 36% of national GDP of Tajikistan. Remittances are proven to be large source of external finance stimulating consumption which in turn has a very positive effect on economy, especially on services sector. According to World Bank (2005) remittances are considered as the second biggest source of development finance after foreign direct investment. While remittances serve as an important social stabilising factor, they can also act as means of internal investment and boosting in this manner local development. My analysis will focus on the role of remittance savings either in leveraging to borrow from banking systems to invest in activities such as small businesses, or in directly financing them, which as the result improve the economic welfare of migrant households in both rural and urban areas. This dissertation will be based on analysis of data sources coming from various researches conducted by international organisations and research centres about Tajikistan labour migration and its implications. I will also examine the dynamic strategic aspects of interaction between the migrant and the remittance-receiving relatives and asses the benefits of particular types of motives under remitting. Furthermore, I would like to model hypothetical usage of savings out of remittances to business opportunities and asses the implications. The Republic of Tajikistan Tajikistan is the smallest country in the Central Asia and situated in south-east part of that region. 93% of Tajikistan consists of mountains, and more than half of the country lies on an altitude higher than 3000 meters above sea level. This leaves the countrys population of approximately 7 million people to reside and produce mainly in the remaining 6.52% of arable land, struggling with landslides, earth quakes, mudslides and unreliable access to clean water.. What is more, the countrys mountainous areas not only challenging for agriculture, but also contributing to a regionalisation and division of the country as the mountain ranges separate east from west, and north from south. These regional complications became particularly pertinent during the 1992-97 Civil War where, according to the International Crisis Group (ICG), between 60,000 and 100,000 people died, approximately 600,000 were internally displaced and 80,000 left the country, including a significant amount of the Slav population. The ICG estimates the cost of the war to U.S. $7 billion, and in this way significantly slowing the countrys modest attempts for post-Soviet recovery. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the devastating Civil War, the country has experienced a significant decline in living standards through a rise in unemployment and poverty, and a deterioration of infrastructure, health care and education. Furthermore, the country lost its previously established export markets, sources of supplies and subsidies from Moscow (accounted to almost 40 percent of government revenue) (European Observatory on Health Care Systems, 2000). According to Trade and Investment Division (2001), â€Å"Between 1991 and 1997, the level of GDP diminished by more than 60 percent which significantly reduced the living standards of the less protected part of the population.† (p. 252). All these above mentioned factors urged Tajikistan to accumulate foreign debt, which reached $880 million US dollar by 1998. It is worth state that Tajikistan has comparative advantage in growing of cotton, which is considered as cash crop and main source of foreign exchange (World Bank Poverty Assessment Tajikistan Update). Namely the export of cotton coupled with aluminum helped the country to restore external balance. Although cotton is strategically important, the growing of that crop entails difficulties with extensive irrigation and profitability nowadays. FAO (2008) claimed cotton growers in Tajikistan were indebted about 100 million US dollars due to dramatic drop in prices for raw cotton in 2000. All these difficult situations have encouraged considerable labour emigration and a return to a more patriarchal society based on religious beliefs and old traditions as survival strategy when the traditional mans role as the main bread winner of the family is being challenged. Poverty and Migration Tajikistan was the poorest among the Soviet Union republics and nowadays, it remains the poorest country in Europe and Central Asia region. According to World Bank Poverty Assessment Tajikistan Update, Tajikistans mean per capita income by 1989 was less than half of that in Russia. Its national income per capita was less than 200 US dollars. After gaining of independence, figures were even deplorable; 81 percent of population lived under poverty line in 1999 (less than 2.15 US dollars per day at purchasing power parity). (Source TLSS 2003 and TLSS 2009). The unofficial unemployment rate was around 30%. After the end of civil war and some years of stability and peace Tajikistan experienced substantial improvements in poverty rates, which dropped to 64 percent in 2003. However, still, this is the highest rate of poverty when compared to that of poor countries in Commonwealth of Independent States, like Kyrgyzstan (54 percent in 2001) and Moldova (45 percent in 2002). (Source: Poverty A ssessments for respective countries.) Poverty rates in rural areas are higher than in urban areas. In 2003, the proportion of poor people was 65 percent in rural areas against 59 percent in urban. (World Bank Poverty Assessment Update). Provided that 73 percent of the population of Tajikistan lives in rural areas the poverty can be considered overwhelmingly rural. (World Bank Poverty Assessment Update). Given that Tajikistan has the youngest population structure of the former Soviet countries with 70 percent aged under 30, poverty is overwhelmingly among young and economically active part of the population. Lack of income means lack of opportunities: not only loss of access to food, health care and education, but also the loss of the ability to choose and control ones own life. Poverty destroys human capital and has an adverse impact on social relations, leading to violence and instability. (Saodat Olimova) Furthermore, in 2007, Tajikistan experienced the hard consequences of strong rise in international food and fuel prices; especially it is felt by people of Tajikistan. While the impact of the higher fuel and food prices and misguided market interventions of the government have been felt by everyone, many households in rural and mountainous areas seemingly are on the verge of destitution. While many vegetable prices have increased between 20-30% in the last 11 months, wheat flour has increased 81-131%, and cooking oils from 118-139%. All the while, real wages for unskilled laborers (which are too low to cover household costs to begin with) have increased by a mere of 20% (by 6% in KT). In short, wages are not keeping pace with the dramatic increases in food and fuel prices. Traditional lepeshka now cost 1 somoni of the 44.61 somoni an average teacher or nurse earns a month. Clearly, people have to find ways to survive and migration seems the only plausible way to do so. Thus, it is hard to improve ones living conditions in Tajikistan, and many find themselves forced to seek employment abroad. Furthermore comparatively improved economies of Russian Federation and other CIS countries create an appropriate environment for migration from Tajikistan. According to a year 2006 International Organization for Migration (IOM) survey on trafficking from Tajikistan, 96.9% of the approximately 1 million migrants from Tajikistan go to Russia in search of work. 1.4% of the migrants work in Kyrgyzstan, 0.7% in Kazakhstan, and another 0.7% in Ukraine. Also, according to an IOM report conducted amongst 2000 migrants in 2002, with follow-up amongst 4000 migrants in 2003, these migrants were 85% men and 15% women in 2002. Amongst men, the age groups 18-29, 30-39 and 40-49 all make up approximately one third of the migrant mass each. Olimova and Bosc divide these age groups into two, corresponding to the traditional life cycle in Tajikistan: â€Å"sons† of 18-29 years, and â€Å"fathers† of 40-49 years. The first group migrates mainly to make money to establish his own family, whereas the second group goes abroad to be able to feed his family and organize the traditional ceremonies for his children. In average, 68.5% of the migrant s are married, and 22.6% live together as in marriage in Tajikistan, but without official registration. The last group consists mainly of youth between 15 and 19 years of age. Theoretical Background GREGORIAN, D. MELKONYAN, T. (January 2008) Microeconomic Implications of Remittances in an Overlapping Generations Model with Altruism and Self-Interest, IMF Working Paper, WP/08/19. This publication illustrates the dynamic strategic aspects of interaction between the migrant and remittance receiving relatives and shows the various microeconomic implications under each particular circumstance of interaction. Gregorian and Melkonyan analyse the plethora of motives for remit in terms of altruistic and self interest behavior of the remitter. In addition, they consider the scenario where two parties could work out self-enforcing contracts to implement choices that maximise their total surplus. They also discuss both the migration and the remittance patterns in Armenia with a particular focus on push and pull factors. The main part of the paper contended an empirical estimation of the microeconomic impact of migration and remittance in Armenia on hours supplied to the market, education spending, savings and borrowing behaviour from commercial banks. In the words of Gregorian and Melkonyan, â€Å"this evidence [of the paper] suggests that the benefits of remittances might be overstated and emphasises the importance of measuring their impact in a general rather than a partial equilibrium context†. In conclusion, the authors suggest that there is a need for either direct or indirect policy measures in shaping the remittance flows and their impact on the behaviour of remittance receiving households. This article inspired me to deepen my research of the dissertation topic in terms of analysis of not only the quantitative pattern of remittances but also the behavioral aspects of this phenomenon. That is, whether the remitter has altruistic or self-interest motives while sending money back home and what the possible outcomes are under each circumstance. I will also consider models and regression methods used in the paper to estimate possible impacts of remittance on labour supply, education spending and saving/borrowing behaviour in Tajikistan. Furthermore, the above paper put forward a vague, but at the same time, ambitious notion of potential policy measures that should be taken in order to promote remittance saving for the creation of small business and entrepreneurial activities in households, which I believe will be a crucial part of my dissertation. GIULIANO, P. RUIZ-ARRANZ, M. (March 2006) Remittances, Financial Development, and Growth, Journal of Development Economics, doi: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2008.10.005 This paper examines the relationship between remittances and growth, and in particular the influence of local financial sector development on a countrys capacity to take advantage of remittances. Giuliano and Ruiz-Arranz underline the importance of remittances in promoting economic growth whilst looking specifically at the interaction between remittances and the financial sector. This publication is considered to be the first paper to provide evidence for both complementarity and substitutability between remittances and financial development in promoting economic growth. The authors make use of newly constructed data for remittances covering 100 developing countries and illustrate that remittances boost growth in countries with less developed financial systems by providing an alternative way to finance investment and helping to overcome liquidity constraint. They also suggest that there could be an investment channel through which remittances could promote growth especially when the financial sector does not meet the credit needs of the population, where remittances act as a substitute for financial services. I plan to make substantial use of the concept of interaction between remittances and the financial sector in growth in my dissertation, as the issue of leveraging and borrowing from banking systems by remittance-receiving households is central to my dissertation topic. In particular, I want to look at the possibility of commercial banks opening lines of credit for remittance-receiving households, based on the earning of the migrant. Additionally, I will consider this papers analysis of cyclical properties of remittances to assess whether they are procyclical and predominantly profit-driven or countercyclical. Accordingly, I aim to analyse the relationship of Tajikistan GDP and capital flows and see if they are correlated. PALEI, L.V. KOROBKOV, A.V. (2007) Migrant Remittances in the CIS: The Financial and the Socio-Economic Impact, Paper presented at the International Studies Association 48th annual meeting, Chicago, IL. This paper studies the current labour migration trends in the countries of the CIS and analyses the role of remittances as a means of socio-economic stabilisation in labour migrant source countries. It also provides the core causes of migration and its aspects in the context of a globalising world. Moreover, the authors examine how remittances could play an important role in the development of the country and what policies governments should adopt in order to better utilise the development potential of remittances. The paper is valuable as a source of background information on the causes and nature of migration processes in countries of the CIS. It also provides figures on the total number of migrants and remittances sent by them. Moreover, the authors identify remittances as one of the major stabilising factors of an economy and justify this by presenting statistics on remittances as a percentage of national GDPs. The important thing about this paper was that it focused very much on Tajikistan as one the major labour migration source countries. UNDP (2005) Central Asia Human Development Report, UNDP Regional Bureau for Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. This report studies the level of human development in Central Asian Republics. Throughout the report, the importance of increased regional cooperation in economic and other spheres of activities is repeatedly underlined. While mentioning some of the significant vulnerabilities of the region as being, for example, largely landlocked- the report also highlights the newly emerging opportunities availability of natural resource and being surrounded by fast developing countries. In conclusion, the report stresses the necessity to continue the process of reform in different sectors of economy. This report is a good source of so called country â€Å"baseline data†. It provided statistics on economic, demographic, social, and environmental aspects of a countrys development. Additionally, it looks specifically at the issue of labour migration and its economic, social, and cultural aspect. Being prepared by UNDP an organization, particularly active in Tajikistan- the report gains additional reliability and accuracy. AMUEDO-DORANTES, C. (2006) Remittances and Their Microeconomic Impacts: Evidence from Latin America, Journal of Proceedings, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, 187-197. Amuedo-Dorantes provides an overview of the remitting patterns of migrants, from Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Mexico, Nicaragua and Peru, working and residing in the United States. She summarizes the microeconomic impacts of remittances, particularly on spheres of employment, business ownership, education and health care investments. Furthermore she emphasises the importance of remittances as a resource for the accumulation of human capital investments in education and health and as a determinant of employment patterns in remittance-receiving households in developing economies. This publication gave me the idea concerning the appropriate categorisation of purposes of remitting into two broad groups; consumption, which consists of food/maintenance, purchase of a vehicle, recreation/entertainment expenses and debt payment; and asset accumulation/investment, which consists of construction, repair or purchase of a house, purchase of tools, livestock, agriculture inputs, start/expand of business, education and health expenses and savings. BORJAS, G.L. (1999) The Economic Analysis of Immigration, in the Handbook of Labor Economics, Vol 3a, 1698-1757. This particular paper investigates labour market affects of immigration in both the host and home country. Borjas emphasises the measuring of relative skills of immigrants and evaluation of implications of relative skill differentials on economic outcomes. The author focuses on different environments and premises where the human capital of the source country influences the labour market of the host country. That is, an analysis of the factors that determine the skills of immigrants; a discussion of the implications of the income-maximization hypothesis for the skill composition of the self-selected immigrant flow, an estimation of how the skills of immigrants compare to those of natives -both at the time of entry and over time as immigrants adapt to the host countrys labor market, an examination of the concept of economic adaptation with analysis of the relationship nature of an immigrants â€Å"pre-existing† skills and the skills that the immigrant acquires in the host countr y, and finally, an evalution of the impact of immigration on the wage structure in the host country. This paper provides an important and basic understanding of the affect that immigration has on the economy of a host country. I will use the models and generalisations found in Borjas paper to analyse the migration pattern between Tajikistan and the Russian Federation. Furthermore I will use them for policy recommendation and measures in my dissertation. LEE-NAH, H. (2007) Outcome evaluation of HIV program in Tajikistan, Final report, Retrieved July 12, 2008 from http://www.undp.tj/files/ev/ev_report.pdf. The evaluation study outlined in the report was commissioned by UNDP, Tajikistan and is aimed at assessing the impact of two HIV related programs which were implemented in the country. These programs dealt with working on HIV prevention and mitigation in the following target groups: labour migrants and their families, prisoners, habitual drug users, sex workers, school youth, etc. The evaluation methods used included the thorough review of relevant documents and statistics, interviews, and site visits. The report provided an in depth analysis of the current situation with AIDS/HIV in Tajikistan and an indication of the success rate of the implemented programs, concluding with a set of recommendations on different levels of intervention and target groups. The report presented a very good source as a synthesized analysis of different documents and statistics available on HIV in Tajikistan. Specifically, it provided statistical data on the overall official number of people infected in the population (while also citing unofficial estimates), prevalence figures, and broke down the infected persons into different groups (including labour migrants). It also outlined the efforts which are being made to prevent the proliferation of HIV among labour migrants and recommendations to improve this process. The report, however, did not specifically feature any future projections of HIV infection spreading due to increasing number of labour migrants and their exposure to countries with much higher prevalence figures than those in Tajikistan. Remittances and Financial Sector in Tajikistan â€Å"Migration from Tajikistan and the consequent remittances have been unprecedented in their magnitude and economic impact.† IMF, Alexei Kiriyev, page 4-5 The measuring of remittances magnitude is still not definite:

Authentic Literacy Activities for Developing Comprehension and Writing

Sheryl Jones Reading Accountability Assignment 1 Duke, N. , & Purcell-Gates, V. , & Hall, L. , & Tower, C. , (2007). Authentic literacy activities for developing comprehension and writing. Reading Teacher. 60(4) 344-355. Summary This article discusses the use of authentic literacy activities for developing comprehension and writing. Duke & Gates define authentic literacy activities in the classroom as those that replicate or reflect reading and writing activities that occur in the lives of people outside of a learning-to-read-and write context and purpose (346).The article describes a two-year study that involved 26-second grade and third grade teachers and their students from school districts serving families of low and middle socioeconomic status. The purpose of the study was to develop students’ ability to understand and write informational and procedural text. The study found that teachers who included authentic literacy activities more of the time had students who showed higher growth in both comprehension and writing.Critique This article provides teachers with evidence from research that states that more authentic literacy activities are related to greater growth in the ability to read and write new genres. The article offers an operational definition of authentic literacy that helps teachers create authentic literacy activities across the curriculum. Also provided are ideas and strategies collected from teachers for teachers to bring authentic reading and writing into the classroom.To assist teachers in creating authentic learning opportunities for students there is an authenticity rating sheet provided that uses a 3-point scale to rate the degree to which the reason of an informational text being written or read in the classroom reflect the actual purpose of an informational text. One of the greatest contributions is the various easy to do lessons provided for authentic reading and writing created to implement authentic activities in the classro om.The article falls short in that it doesn’t provide samples of students work to show how successful authentic activities were in increasing students comprehension and writing skills. Students voices, opinions were not heard. Were they stressed out about the activities? Were they excited about doing the activities? Did they prefer this type of activity? Though the article mentioned the teacher’s thoughts on student’s performance it did not list the students. I still don’t know if students felt these learning experiences increased their comprehension and writing skills.The authors could provide examples of students work and also provide statements from the students and teachers involved in the study. This will be evidence that the research even occurred. Also the authors could provide some sort of chart with a comparison of students writing and reading comprehension skills before and after they entered the study. This will provide documented evidence that authentic activities build comprehension and writing skills. Research Pedagogical ImplicationsThis article helps me to think about the importance of providing opportunities for students to experience authenticity in their learning experiences. After reading this article I am convinced that there is a need for more research to be done on young children that provides teachers with more information about authentic reading and writing opportunities in the classroom. Research in the field is mostly done with adults leaving teachers with information that may not be accurate for a younger audience. A great idea I will incorporate into my work is getting colleagues to request artifacts produced by my students.This will make their learning experience highly authentic in that they will be producing text that will be used outside of the classroom and may help in others learning. For example one of the third grade teachers asked a colleague to come to her class and ask her students to create i nformational texts about animals that live in the rain forest for her first grade students. This experience provides my students and her students an opportunity to learn. The strategies provided in this article for authentic activities in science I will use across the curriculum.For example I can have a teacher ask my students to create Haiku poems for her to use to help her students with poetry. Maybe have the gym teacher ask students to create a nutrition pyramid to help her teach health education. In my research report I will provide evidence of children’s growth by showing their progress on before and after charts. I will provide samples of children’s work as evidence that the lessons and strategies provided really work to improve students writing. It would be important for me to know if students themselves felt they were motivated by the lesson. Also did students feel they learned from the activity.

How Technology Has Changed Our Lives Essay

Technology has altered our lives significantly in 20 years. It has advanced in many things like phones, computers, television, science, etc. Devices I think devices have improved the most in 20 years. In my opinion, I feel it has made our lives more independent. It enables us to wonder about things further, and then become curious and Google it. For example, when we aren’t sure of what to do (for school projects, DIY jobs) we can just pull up a site such as Ask.com, Answers.com and get instant help. Devices also have several reminder, alarm, note and calculator applications, making you stress-free. The internet now allows shopping lovers to purchase everything, from pencils to penthouses. And when you’re on the go, you’ll never be bored with games and book applications. Education Education has changed a lot too, and you might not notice it. If a kid is doing geography, they can access sites like Google Earth and explore the world in 3D. They are now able to access websites for checking homework, reminders, and important events. Teachers hardly ever use blackboards now, thanks to the new touch sense screens called SmartBoards. And for homeschooled kids ,they get just the same education as regular schooled kids. They can log on to online programs where they have lessons from real teachers via voice calls. Now a teacher is not limited by the number of chairs in her classroom. One teacher can teach 100 kids at a time. Medicine In the field of medicine, technology has truly saved millions of lives. Doctors have found cures to so many diseases, which were otherwise at one time fatal. Doctors can study the human body so very closely now, with things like CT scans and x-rays. With CT scans, doctors can examine everything in the human body to determine a certain problem that the person may have. Doctors have also developed more antibiotics, which are mandatory when a person is sick. These are just a few of the reasons how technology has changed our lives in 20 years. Read more:Â  Technology Improving Our Lives

System Details essays

System Details essays Fiesta the Sun Also Rises by Hemingway The Sun Also Rises: Hemingway's depiction of the traditional hero The Hemingway Hero Prevalent among many of Ernest Hemingways novels is the concept popularly known as the Hemingway hero, an ideal character readily accepted by American readers as a mans man. In The Sun Also Rises, four different men are compared and contrasted as they engage in some form of relationship with Lady Brett Ashley, a near-nymphomaniac Englishwoman who indulges in her passion for sex and control. Brett plans to marry her fiancee for superficial reasons, completely ruins one man emotionally and spiritually, separates from another to preserve the idea of their short-lived affair and to avoid self-destruction, and denies and disgraces the only man whom she loves most dearly. All her relationships occur in a period of months, as Brett either accepts or rejects certain values or traits of each man. Brett, as a dynamic and self-controlled woman, and her four love interests help demonstrate Hemingways standard definition of a man and/or masculinity. Each man Brett has a relationship with in the novel possesses distinct qualities that enable Hemingway to explore what it is to truly be a man. The Hemingway man thus presented is a man of action, of self-discipline and self-reliance, and of strength and courage to confront all weaknesses, fears, failures, and even death. Jake Barnes, as the narrator and supposed hero of the novel, fell in love with Brett some years ago and is still powerfully and uncontrollably in love with her. However, Jake is unfortunately a casualty of the war, having been emasculated in a freak accident. Still adjusting to his impotence at the beginning of the novel, Jake has lost all power and desire to have sex. Because of this, Jake and Brett cannot be lovers and all attempts at a relationship that is sexually fulfilling are simply futile. Brett is a passionate, lu...

Success and Failure of Intelligence essay

Success and Failure of Intelligence essay Success and Failure of Intelligence essay Success and Failure of Intelligence essayHistorically, intelligence played an important part in military operations and wars. However, intelligence operations may have not only positive but also negative effects on military operations as well as the balance of power between opposing parties. At this point, it is possible to refer to the experience of the US and allies’ intelligence during World War II, when the intelligence suffered both successes and failures. In this regard, it is possible to refer to the case of the failure of the US intelligence to foresee the attack of the Japanese on Pearl Harbor and the success of the allies’ intelligence in uncovering the way to crack Enigma, German encryption system used in the communication of Germans. These two cases reveal the full extent to which the intelligence operations may be influential and affect outcomes of large scale military conflicts. On the other hand, the revelation of the failure of the US intelligence in Pe arl Harbor shows the importance of the intelligence as the agency that can foresee and prevent large scale military operations and failures of the national defense system. Therefore, successes and failures of the intelligence show that the intelligence plays an important part in military operations, wars as well as socio-political development of nations and the effective performance of intelligence can help nations to take a stronger position in the competitive struggle between nations and international relations.The failure of the US intelligence in Pearl Harbor is a well-known fact as well as the cracking of Enigma is a renowned success of the allies’ intelligence. However, from the scientific point of view, the failure or success of the intelligence should be grounded on the revelation of facts and evidence that prove that the particular intelligence operation. In this regard, to determine whether the particular intelligence operation was a success or failure, it is possib le to elaborate criteria which mark the success of the intelligence operation. Criteria of the successful intelligence operation include several key elements (Cook, 2006). First, the intelligence operation is successful, if it has caused harms to the enemy. In fact, the ultimate goal of the intelligence operation is obtaining the target information or completion of the target action successfully that will directly or indirectly harm the enemy. For instance, even if the intelligence operation does not lead to the destruction of the enemy infrastructure, but helps to reveal certain information about the enemy’s infrastructure, then the intelligence will weaken the position of the enemy because the party conducting the military operation will know weak points in the defense line of the enemy.Second, the intelligence operation is successful, if it was conducted safely for agents and other stakeholders involved in the operation. The safety of agents is very important because, firs t, the intelligence agency has to invest funds into training of its agents that means that the loss of agents is costly. Second, the loss of agents weakens the position of the intelligence that naturally cannot be the marker of success of the military operation. Therefore, the safety of agents is definitely the evidence of the success of the intelligence operation.Third, the intelligence operation is successful, if it allows saving life of soldiers and civilians of the party that conducts the intelligence operation or those of its allies. One of the primary goals of any intelligence operation is the safety of soldiers and civilians. The protection of soldiers and civilians and enhancement of their security proves that the intelligence operation is successful.Fourth, the intelligence operation is successful, if it contributes to saving facilities, infrastructure, military equipment and other items essential for the successful military operations of the party conducting the intelligen ce operation. The protection of facilities and infrastructure is another priority of intelligence operations, especially, if they are conducted during the wartime. If intelligence operations secure the infrastructure and facilities of the party that conducts the intelligence operation then such intelligence operation is definitely successful.Fifth, the intelligence operation is successful, if its outcomes have a generally positive effect on the particular military conflict and balance of powers of parties involved in the war. Intelligence operations conducted during the wartime should have the long-lasting positive effects and bring positive impact on the position of the military of the party conducting the intelligence. In fact, truly successful intelligence operations may have the determinant effect on the development of military conflicts and large scale wars.Sixth, the successful intelligence operation remains unnoticed for the enemy until harmful effects of the operation become obvious or even after the end of the military conflict. The intelligence traditionally operates secretly. Therefore, if operations of the intelligence agency are uncovered, then they failed, while, on the contrary, if the enemy and public fails to notice the intelligence operation, then such operation is successful.The major success of the intelligence during World War II was cracking Enigma, German cryptographic system, which they used for radio and data transmission during the war. The operation was conducted by international intelligence forces, including Polish, French, American and British professionals. They coordinated their actions and the intelligence agencies of the allies collaborated to crack Enigma. At this point, it is worth mentioning the fact that the Enigma machine based its cipher capabilities on a series of wired rotor wheels and a plugboard. Through a web of internal wiring, each of the 26 input contacts on the rotor were connected to a different output contact. The wiring connections of one rotor differed from the connections on any other rotor (Cornwell, 2008). Additionally, each rotor had a moveable placement notch found on an outer ring. The notch forced the rotor to its left to step one place forward. This notch could be moved to a different point on the rotor by rotating the outer ring. The Germans followed a daily list, known as a key list, to indicate where the notch should be placed each day (Cornwell, 2008). Theoretically, Enigma was considered to be extremely difficult to crack. Researchers (Cornwell, 2008) estimate that the Germans believed the encryption generated by the machine to be unbreakable. With a theoretical number of ciphering possibilities of 3 X 10114, their belief was not unjustified.Cracking Enigma was the results of the Polish breakthrough combined with a German traitor provided by the French that resulted in the major success against Enigma, since the British and Americans became able to expand their findings in to breaking Enigma as well as even more resilient German Navy encryption. In this regard, it is worth mentioning the fact that the Navy played the key part in the national security of the UK because the breakthrough of the Navy defense line would lead to the opening the way for landing the German army in the UK.The operation was conducted safely and did not cause casualties among the allies involved in the operation. In fact, all participants of the operations and agents remained safe and were not vulnerable to any prosecution or attacks from the part of Germans. They had managed to complete the intelligence operation successfully without being uncovered by the enemy. This is why the operation conducted by the allies’ intelligence to crack Enigma was successful. At the same time, it is important to place emphasis on the fact that the intelligence operation on cracking Enigma involved the large scale cooperation of agents and intelligence agencies internationally. The intellig ence operation involved professionals from Poland, France, the UK and the US and even a German traitor. Therefore, the operation involved a large number of people that apparently increased the risk of its failure because the more there are people involved in the intelligence operation the higher is the risk of the failure of the operation. In case of the intelligence operation on cracking Enigma all professionals working on the operation had managed to survive and remained undiscovered by the enemy. This is why this operation was apparently successful.\Success and Failure of Intelligence   essay 2

Student Voice - Pandora's Box or Philosopher's Stone Essay

Student Voice - Pandora's Box or Philosopher's Stone - Essay Example From this research it is clear that the modern concept of allowing student involvement within the arena of teaching learning is relatively new to UK, though the concept is not new in other parts of the world. Despite the various recent modifications made within UK educational system, it is seen that students are rarely asked to take part, thus remaining largely unheard, during reform processes. To make education more representative, views of the students must be listened to and given its due importance. However, incorporating student’s voice does not merely involve modifying the results of the existing educational systems or locating resolutions to various existing problems. Instead, it deals with modifying processes, methods through which the students can affect the course of education. Here the authors believed that that UK educational system should be so reformed that it would function as per the student’s requirements, instead of the students adjusting themselves to the system. Such radical modifications entail changes at almost all levels, including changes within the basic UK educational culture, and the relationships between students, educationists, and the schools, where there must a disposition on the part of the educationists and policy makers to listen to the students. Students must necessarily be encouraged so that they are become more directly involved in decision-making processes related to their education. The notions of student voice includes various activities that promote discussion, speech, reflection and activities on issues that are related to learners along with its effects on teachers, school staff and the surrounding society. Often this method comprises of methods like peer support, buddying, and other measures that promote and allow the learners to air their opinions and bring about various suitable changes modifications. Such measures include the formation of the creation of school student councils, school boards having s tudents as members, students as members of staff appointment board, researcher-student and the enterprises for ‘child-to-child’ activities that promote leadership amongst the learners, while supporting ‘active citizenship’ through the cooperation of these learners in various community based activities and projects (Futurelab, 2006). In its attempt to bring in students’ voice, the UK Government has mentioned categorically its desire to create a more customised form of an educational system, where the mode of teaching would cater to the needs of the students, and not the other way round. This would be especially helpful for

PESTLE and life Cycle analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

PESTLE and life Cycle analysis - Essay Example According to this method any individual stakeholder or any stakeholder group’s power can be ascertained and managed. Many books define stakeholders to be individuals or groups that have an interest in an organization; hence it may not be necessary for any individual or group to have an interest in any particular organization because interest is not the only ingredient to constitute regard someone as a stakeholder. This can be further explained by giving the example of the society at large which is a major stakeholder to the all factories which are emitting a large quantity of carbon dioxide, hence they only have an interest to the extent of the carbon dioxide emission and they might not have enough power to stop the factories from doing such an act (ACCA, 2007). The five groups of stakeholders that any business organization needs to consider for its growth perspective would be: Shareholders/Owners Employees Customers Government Society at large Majority of banks consider the e mployees to be the most important stakeholder within the banking organization. Banks consider their employees to be their vital stakeholder because of their decision making ability. The employees have the ability to take up decisions on any given matter hence these employees have the ability to drive the bank into a profitable or a loss making venture. This decision is really important for the survival and the long-term growth of the banks and hence it is because of this only reason that the employees have such a powerful decision in their hand, banks considers them to be the most important stakeholder (ACCA, 2007). â€Å"Systems thinking† is a process which tells that different things and activities within nature/organization are totally linked with each other. This theory defines that the activity of one individual or a group would affect the life or decision of other individuals or groups. Systems within an organization include the employees, the processes and the structur e of that organization and it is because of these people, processes and structures that the organizations get affected either in a positive or a negative manner. The banks use the closed systems thinking approach in the entire movie. The best exception would have been to follow the open systems thinking approach where the banks would have been involved in focusing on external issues and threats as well, this way open systems thinking system would help the banks to survive for a long period of time by focusing on the external environment along with the internal one (Gharajedaghi, 1999). The governments should play an important part in stabilizing banks as these banks are the main institutions in any economy. These banks are heavily involved in stimulating an economy and hence they should always be helped in situations when these banks are falling apart. Government interference in managing the general environment would be really important and these banks can be funded by the governmen ts to make them survive during difficult time periods. The film tells us the Government and the Law Enforcing authorities were really weak in putting up any system that would have led the bank to survive during such difficult times. The banks collapsed leading to further

Big Data Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Big Data - Coursework Example Managers should take the advantage of big data to improve services in their organizations. Big data can be used in all management functions from administration, marketing and finance. It acts as an information store in which data is stored over a long period and can be easily retrieved if need be (Baesens, 2014). Big data has five factors that determine is availability and usefulness, the five factors are volume, velocity, variety, variability and flexibility. Big data uses all these aspects for it to be reliable and easily accessible by businesses and individuals. For volume, big data is in very large volumes mostly in terabytes. Increase in data volume is due to many factors including data that is from the daily transactions stored for a long period of time and over the years. Unstructured data from internet platforms like the social media and virtual interaction sites and increased use of sensor machines in most organizations and the machine-to-machine information sharing data that collected over the years. The determination of relevance of the large data volumes, which sometimes may be irrelevant, is an emerging issue with the increasing storage costs. Businesses use some analytics to create usefulness from relevant data and discard the irrelevant data to reduce storage costs (Chamber, D hiraj & Minelli, 2012). Variety means that big data come in various forms and styles. The variations come by because of the different sources that the big data comes from. This ranges from information originating from the side of business applications, information and data from traditional databases, unstructured data from informal communications like text messages. With such a large variety of source s of data and streaming in on daily basis, management and governance of big data is a technical issue that many organizations are finding it hard to stabilize. Most of the big data is not necessarily useful to the

Lord of the Flies Essay Example for Free

Lord of the Flies Essay ​Evil is a characteristic that describes a person as being morally wrong or bad, immoral and/or causing suffering for others. Evil in the book Lord of the Flies by William Golding was an inborn trait of mankind. In this book, evil was seen as a main theme throughout the whole story. Golding saw no hope for mankind and believed that evil is always in mankind and sooner or later it will be expressed and no longer be subdued by civilization. The Lord of the Flies is a book about a group of children (some very young), who become stranded on an uninhabited island with no adults. They are on this island due to a plane crash during a war that they were in. From the beginning of this story until the end, one sees a transformation of the children from a well-organized, diplomatic civilized group into an evil group of murderous blood thirsty savages. At the very beginning of this story, the children seemed well mannered and organized. They called a conch they found to gather the survivors. The only event that showed the boys’ inherent â€Å"evil† or jealously was the power struggle between Jack and Ralph for chief. Jack thought he should have been leader because he was chapter chorister. â€Å"I ought to be Chief, said Jack with simple arrogance, because I’m chapter chorister and head boy† (22). The children did the diplomatic thing and decided to put it to a vote. All of the children exspect Jack and the chorister boys elected Ralph. This event builds to Jack resenting Ralph throughout the story. Jack also tried to gain power later on in the story. As the story progresses so do the intensity of the evil acts of the children. One of these acts of â€Å"evil† from the children was their attitude toward Piggy, the over-weight, intelligent boy with asthma and glasses. Piggy became the victim of continuous bullying and neglect. A few example of this was when they called him fatty, piggy and wont let him speak and they won’t listen to him too, â€Å"Shut up, Fatty†¦He’s not fatty, cried Ralph, his real name’s Piggy†¦A storm of laughter arose and even the tiniest child joined in† (21). Another event that showed their rising evil ways is when Ralph, Jack and Simon explored the island, to decide if it is an island and/or it is uninhabited . On this adventure they saw a small, defenseless baby pig caught by â€Å"creepers†. Jack took out his knife and prepared to slaughter the piglet but couldn’t do it and allowed the piglet to go free. Jack had probably never killed anything before so the thought of ending a living thing’s life so to much for him. Afterwords Jack promised that the pig won’t be so lucky next time. Jack said this so he wouldn’t seem weak to the other children. Around the middle of the book Jack kept good on his promise, when his hunters and he slaughtered a piglet and chanted, â€Å"Kill the pig, cut her throat. Spill her blood† (69). There are also symbolisms in this story what expressed mankind’s inherited evil. The beastie in this story symbolized mankind’s inherited evil. Out of all the children, Simon is the only one who truly understood that. At one point in the book they even believed they (Sam and Eric) saw the beastie up on top of the mountain. When Jack and Ralph along with others go see the beastie they too start to believe in it. This leads to an increase in fear of the beastie (themselves). Also Ralph’s and Jack’s power struggle intensifies due to their increasingly differing wants and views. Ralph wants to be rescued but Jack’s only true desire is to hunt, kill, make fun of Piggy and become Chief with total power. Later on the children, all but Piggy, Sam and Eric are corrupted (by food) to join Jack’s tribe of savages. The turning point of their transformation into evil, savages was at Jack’s feast. At this feast the children were chanting, dancing an d reenacting the butchering of a defenseless piglet. When Simon, who represents natural human goodness (Jesus), is â€Å"accidentally† massacred by all of the children (expect Piggy). This event showed the innate human evil disrupting childhood innocence and just how far children are willing to go. ​ The event that showed total loss of civilization and the establishment of savages in this book was when Piggy was killed by Roger and the conch shell which symbolized civilization is broken. The rock struck Piggy a glancing blow from chin to knee; the conch exploded into a thousand white fragments and ceased to exist. (164). When the conch is broken it signifies the total loss of society, order, rule/law and peace among almost all the boys on the island. With the conch gone savagery is completely developed and the evil is shown to its fullest. At this point there is no more thoughts of right and wrong, just fear, pain and evil. Now all the children wanted to â€Å"hunt† and kill Ralph simply because Jack told them to. Especially Roger who has growth to love causing pain to others, and who â€Å"Sharpen a stick at both ends.† All of them even Sam and Eric helped to find Ralph so they could kill him. If it wasn’t for the office, Ralph would have been killed and the children wouldn’t have cared. They probably would have thrown a feast over Ralph’s death and spear hishead as a sign of power. ​In the book, Lord of the Flies the transformation of the children is clearly shown. They started off as proper gentlemen and ended as murderous, malevolent, sick savages, who want and like to exterminate and track innocence living animals including humans. Golding’s feeling towards human’s inherited characteristics is spot on and was seen throughout this whole story.

Deviance Essay -- essays research papers fc

"Discuss how one of the sociological theories of deviance can be used to explain social phenomena, such as pornography, drug use, suicide and disability." By Vanessa Neil 1 - Introduction 2 - A Brief background to the Interactionist Perspective 3 - More recent developments in the Interactionist Perspective 4 - Using the Interactionist Perspective to explain social phenomena 5 - Conclusion Introduction Deviant behaviour has sadly been a ongoing occurrence in society throughout history, more noticeably in life today. Sociologists have been provoked to study and form theories in order to try and explain why social phenomena such as suicide, prostitution and drug use occur in our society. The Interactionist Perspective, known to many as the Labelling Theory, is interested in social processes and examines deviant behaviour using such methods as social typing. The Interactionists emphasise the role that meanings play in the creation of deviant behaviour and gain a greater understanding of what it means to commit actions that others label as deviant. A Brief background to the Interactionist Perspective In order to discuss how the Interactionist theory can be used to explain deviance, it is necessary to understand the historical development and approach of this theory. The Interactionists firstly believe that there are no behaviours that are intrinsically deviant. Secondly, Deviant actions are simply those which are defined as deviant within a certain culture or setting. Therefore Interactionists focus on social processes by which certain behaviours become known as deviant and the consequences for those who are labelled deviant. (Aggleton, 1987, chpt 4) The Interactionist approach was at its height during the 1960’s and 1970’s, shedding a whole new, fresh perspective on the study of deviance. Here in Australia research on deviance was basically Functionalist and Positivist, Until 1970 when more critical approaches, like the Interactionist perspective began to appear. (Sargent, Nillan & Winter, 1997, pg 387) Interestingly the origins of the Interactionist approach go back as far as 18th century Philosophers, arguing with Positivist’s about how to best explain social behaviour. In 1938, professor, Frank Tannenbaum first observed the actual reactions to certain behaviours, rather than on beha... ...n going in our society due to the ‘stickiness of labels’ and ‘the self-fulfilling prophesy’ in which people grow into further careers of deviance, and the deviant cycle continues. Bibliography Aggleton, P. (1987). Deviance. London: Tavistock Publications Anleu, S.L Roach. (1991). Deviance, Conformity and Control. Melbourne: Longman Cheshire Goode, E. (1990). Deviant Behaviour. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Pontell, H.N. (1999). Social Deviance. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Rubington, E & Weinberg M.S. (1999). Deviance, The Interactionist Perspective. Boston: Allyn & Bacon Sargent, M & Nilan, P & Winter, G. (1997). The new Sociology for Australians. Melbourne: Longman Traub, S.H & Little C.B. (1994). Theories of Deviance. Illinois: F.E Peacock Publishers Additional Reading Cohen, S. (1977). Images of Deviance. England: Penguin Books McGrath, J.H & Scarpitti F.R. (1970). Youth and Drugs, Perspectives on a Social Problem. Illinois: Scott, Foresman and Company Wilson, P.R & Braithwaite, J. (1978). Two faces of Deviance. Queensland: University of Queensland Press

A Study into the appeal of Hip Hop culture, focusing on Ali G

From the time of Elvis Presley and his pelvic thrusts being found offensive and un-Christian, to today's icons of hip hop culture, the most outrageous part of youth culture is what young people enjoy or find most appealing, which is normally material that is very rebellious or subversive. For today's youth, icons such British comedian Ali G are seen as appealing as well as offensive mainly by the older generation for their portrayal of hip-hop culture, which is defined as: ‘A popular culture movement originating in the USA in the 1980's, incorporating rap music, break dancing, and graffiti, and the wearing of characteristically baggy clothes' Chambers Dictionary In its main rap music and graffiti art are seen as offensive due to their unsociable aspects; graffiti art is mainly done in places where it is not welcome, and rap music has always been portrayed in a negative light. From the time of Public Enemy and NWA (Niggaz with attitude), who were the forefront and pioneers of gangster rap music, to recent rappers Xzibit, and Snoop Dogg. Gangster rap music (which is the main sub-genre of rap) represents violence as being an integral part of gangster life. The following song lyrics reflect hip hop culture: ‘The only reason you alive cos I aint said the word'- Represents the power rappers have, killing is represented as part of the gangster life. (Snoop Dogg-Lay Low)-LYRICS(year 2001 Misogyny is also represented as a feature of the gangster life. ‘I never go to clubs, I never chase a bitch'- Bitch a term used casually for females, with negative animal connotations. (Snoop Dogg-Lay Low)-LYRICS (year 2001) Rappers also promote the use of drug taking. ‘Smoke weed every day'-The use of drugs is represented as an acceptable, and sociable thing to do. (Dr.Dre-The next episode)-LYRICS (year-2000) The common use of expletives only adds to the ideology that the gangster life is one of being socially unacceptable, for example commonly used expletives include, ‘I'm a down town nigger so fuck all you niggers' (Snoop Dogg- Back up off me)-Lyrics 2001 The term nigger even though they are black could be seen as racist. Though mainly from outsiders or people who do not understand the hip hop culture, because with a twist of irony it is the derogative term given to black people by white western society, black people have taken this term and in the majority use it the sense of stating someone who is a friend. ‘U're my nigga dowg, and Eazy im still wid u' (Dr.Dre-Forget about dre)-Lyrics 2001 Thought it is still true the term can be used in a derogatory term to describe black people, the same way white people used it to decribe black people. ‘Nigga u'ze a penguin lookin' mutherfucker' (Dr.Dre-The Chronic)-Lyrics 1992 Ideologically the representations made of the gangster life are as true as can be perceived, but rappers produce an image of themselves in the mould required to sell the records, it is true that some rappers do live the life of the music they produce. Evidence can be seen in the drive-by shooting of rapper Tupac Shakur, and soon later the killing of rival rapper ‘Biggie Smalls' after there verbal assault on each other which included Tupac claiming to have had sex with his wife, and also threatening his life in a song. â€Å"You claim to be a player but I fucked your wife† â€Å"We gonna kill all you mutherfuckers† (Tupac-Hit em up)-Lyrics 1995 Yet in the same field you have rap stars such as ‘P Diddy' who has recently changed his image to a much softer one, and does not proclaim his relationship to the gangster life. However he was portraying a completely false image as he was brought up as a rich middle class boy, who started his career in hip hop as a music producer for ‘Biggie Smalls' Rappers do this to give them some type of authenticity, so it is believed that what they talk about is true and real, and this makes ‘the trip' a better and more real one. The difference between rap artists, and more mainstream pop artists even though you now have people who are merging them borders just look at Princess Superstar, is that rap artists produce talented work based upon their culture. Take DMX for example, his debut album ‘Its Dark and hell is hot opened at No 1 on the American music billboards. The album was given no official advertising or promotion by the record label, but due to the underground hype which was created by his sheer talent as an ‘M.C' which would most likely have been realised by his undertaking in lyrical battles with other MC's. Another example of underground hype shining through is Eminem who won came second in an olympic rap battle, and by listening to his talent Dr.Dre signed him up and now he is a hold house name selling million s of records including the smash hits such as, Stan, and The Real Slim Shady. Where as Hear'Say a manufactured pop band found fame through media construction, or whereas the winner of pop idol will also find fame in the same way. The concept by Nigel Lythgoe is an exceptionally creative one, but it would obviously not work for rap artists because of the different image they potray which is why they appeal to their target audience. It is clearly evident that some pop artists are not manufactured and work through in the regular way of having talent, a bit of luck and a gap in the market. Take the Beatles for example who were friends who started playing with each other, and then got signed up. Even though rappers are being racist their main target audience has become teenagers from white sub-urban areas in America. They target the â€Å"E† socioeconomic group but appeal to the students of the families in the â€Å"B/C† socioeconomic group, because of the rebellious and unacceptable statements they make, and the fact that they take their audience on a fantasy tour of the ghetto- a forbidden zone of killers, drug dealers, whores, pimps, and gun shootings. It could be said they allow them the offer of escapism in which they give a chance to see the â€Å"gangster world† from a safe distance Former congresswoman C. Delores Tucker and Harlem minister Calvin Butts helped to try to boycott hip hop records, but this had done nothing more than to reinforce and help target the main target audience due to the outrage it caused. They complained about the use of the Nigger word on American TV, but this sis nothing to appeal to the target audience of the music as Def Jams Co-Producer says best:- â€Å"Whatever they try to do only fuels the fire† Russel Simmons Ali G is also seen as offensive character because of his misogynistic comments, and his racial portrayal of the character Ali G played by Sacha Baron Cohen who is a Jewish, Cambridge graduate. The idea behind his shows and character is that he is a white man (who he actually he is) pretending to be from an Asian origin(he refers to an uncle Jamal, and his skin is slight tan brown), which is where the name Ali G comes from. He impersonates an ignorant misogynistic black man. He wears Tommy Hilfiger branded clothing, which from the 90's created links to hip hop culture through gangster rappers such as Snoop Dogg who wore the label, and gave the brand name a â€Å"street cred†) and Wu-wear which is another brand name clothing of the group Wu-Tang Clan who are a gangster rap group. Ali G also has a goatee which has socially become more â€Å"hip† and popular with youth culture, and the big oversized gold chain he wears around his neck. His accent is full of colloquialisms and references to urban street culture ie â€Å"skunk† â€Å"aiiggh† â€Å"innit†. There are numerous variations to the idea of his origin and who he is trying to represent, and as Sacha never gives interviews we are left guessing as to where the humour lies. He first started his comedic career, after having graduated from Cambridge, by starting a comedy club with his brother. They played two bitter Jews doing a song called ‘Shitzving' ( Yiddish for sweating) where they complained about being hot whilst stripping to their underwear. Here he is taking humour out of his own culture, which could be seen as racist, yet as it is his own culture it is not. When he does the same out of a section of British people, it is seen as racist. His big break came when he created the character Ali G reporting on â€Å"Yoof issues† for the '11 o clock show'. This was a humorous topical programme which was a hybrid of genres from interviews to â€Å"news reporting† (the word should be taken lightly) and Trigger Happy TV type spoofs on the street with the public. The show involved Ali G interviewing famous people such as The Bishop Of Corsham, and General Alexander Haig, former United States Secretary Of State. He became increasingly popular he was put on later and later until he was the last part of the show, so as to keep the audience watching until the end. He was later rewarded by been given his own show. On his own show for Channel 4, a show he engrossed viewers by interviewing semi-celebrities such as The Hamiltons at the time. This led to him being reported at the time Guardian reporting on him as â€Å"the most talked about figure in British popular culture.† www.theage.com/au/entertainment/2001/07/24/ffxq15u4hpc.html Thus it became obvious that his Target Audience, which are very similar to the one of the rap music, but more clearly a youth audience equally male and female of socioeconomic groups of â€Å"C,D,E†, find him funny; and those which are not directly targeted i.e. middle class older people, see him as offensive, like Andy Parfitt complained about his outrageous interview he gave on Radio 1. One of his more offensive comments in an interview with Sara Cox on Radio 1 he asked: â€Å"How come peoples on this show is allowed to say the c-word and mutherfucker but me can't say puni?† This question was obviously found offensive to some people like Andy Parfitt the Producer of the show, and Sara Cox had to give an apology on air ‘I do apologise if you've got any children in the car with you, because I know its half term in some parts of the country. I do apologise' But this would not have damaged his popularity because the target audience would expect this type of behaviour, and would appreciate it as it is so un-acceptable and rebellious. These are the type of antics and outrageous things Ali G would ask or say, and these are the reasons he got his own pilot show, and one of the reasons he is talked about so much especially in the tabloids, were they are known for focusing on famous people particularly in the leisure and entertainment industry. For example analyse the attention, and press coverage David Beckham is and was given when he changed his hair style to a Mohican which was reported in The Sun even though the news had no relevance to sport whatsoever. The reasons Ali G has so many admirers is that his humour has many angles. He is a clear parody of Black Culture, as he plays the black gangster rapper stereotype image with lots of street â€Å"cred†. He uses X-rated dancers who would easily be seen in a rap video (look at the Dr.Dre-Next Episode video), and wears the accepted hip hop culture uniform clothes which I mentioned earlier. He also has a DJ on the show playing Jungle/ hip hop tunes which are very popular within predominately black youth culture, and therefore also they can relate to them. He could also be trying to poke fun at white/Asian people who look to black youth culture, and find it appealing. He then takes this attitude and tries to imitate the culture with the clothes and the language, which can also be seen as to why Gangster rap's main TA is white people. A very famous example of white popularity of hip hop culture could be DJ Tim Westwood who has adopted a black sounding accent for his Radio1 Hip-Hop/Rap slot. These types of people are very evident in society and have even therefore been given a tag â€Å"Wiggers†. DJ Tim Westwood is also evidence of people who try to imitate or represent themselves as being gangsters to imitate their authenticity to the roots of the culture, in his case attempting to encourage people to tune into his show. Yet due to the social change of youth culture in relation to race, and the way the youth as a whole dress and talk, which is very similar regardless of race, some of the humour is aimed at the youth as a whole. His interview technique works around the ideology or questioning the structure of our society and in doing so attempts to become the voice of the youth in a sense as he is representing them, and enforces the ideology that young people know what is actually going on in the world or that they hope/wish that they do. â€Å"he questions knowledge of the past and in doing so makes the young feel smart† www.theage.com/au/entertainment/2001/07/24/ffxq15u4hpc.html He does this by breaking taboos which is evident in the question he asks Royal watcher James Whittaker: â€Å"Why was Diana knobbing that Pakistani?† This was a question after Princess Diana passed away, but at the time it was still seen as offensive due to the language he used â€Å"knobbing†. This represents a negative image of having sex, and also the comment, â€Å"that Pakistani†, suggests an alternative more sinister motive as though what is important or different in that particular Pakistani. In another interview with Sir Rhodes Boyson: â€Å"Do you fink kidz should be â€Å"caned† in school?† The joke here is not racial, but generational as under 35's would understand that he is talking about the use of drugs, yet people over this age would think he is talking about physical punishment in school. Ali G for the reasons explained above has became ever more popular as well as hip hop culture in general as well as rap music who are selling more and more records. Ali G has became so popular that he is made his own move ‘In Da house' which will be released on March 22, and he has in collaboration with Shaggy created a song called ‘Me Julie', whose video has been produced, and stays in line with Ali G the character and show women as sex objects Ali G asks Shaggy if he has any spare in reference to women, and shows mostly very sexy women who have very little clothing on. He is also represented as a ‘wigger' who takes it too far, and tells shaggy in the video ‘aren't we all' in reference to being from Jamaica where the video was shot. He also uses hand gestures which black people are predominately using. Though with this ever increasing popularity, and public awareness it would be interesting to see if he will not die out like Dennis Pennis who was caste out by the celebrities. But as far as rap music goes as well as Ali G if the music and comedy stays rebellious, and makes the young feel important it will always be popular by the youth audience, but contrary to this you have pop/rap artists such as Will Smith who created a popular album in ‘Willenium'. This was not rebellious at all but did well but this appealed to a different target audience much younger kids as it was not gangster rap music. You can now see how widespread and popular gangster rap music is getting by the fact that white people are finding fame in a predominately black art form, and the success they are receiving, such as Eminem who has stretched the genre of gangster rap music as he also talks about his problems in his own life which are not gangster related, he was the first rap artist who had a #1 album ‘The Marshell Mathers LP' at the same time as a #1 single ‘The real Slim Shady.'